Gertrude Stein

Stein: “In Tender Buttons and then on and on I struggled with the ridding myself of nouns, I knew nouns must go in poetry as they had gone in prose if anything that is everything was to go on meaning something. And so I went on with this exceeding struggle of knowing really knowing what a thing was really knowing it knowing anything I was seeing anything I was feeling so that its name could be something, by its name coming to be a thing in itself as it was but would not be anything just and only as a name” (242).

Stein is known to be the precursor to Language Poetry. Language poetry began with the Avant Garde movement, these group of writers wanted to create a new way of looking at the world and the objects in it. This explains what Stein is saying in her quote. By getting rid of nouns she gives you no concrete or common image when you read her poetry. By ridding her writing of nouns, but still describing a thing so you know it. She tries to get people to see things in a different perspective, to go against the norm, the accepted description or function of an item.

In the poem A Box Stein’s opening line is, “A large box is handily made of what is necessary to replace any substance.” Here she creates a box how she sees and knows the object. In another poem with the same title, A Box, she writes, “Out of kindness comes redness and out of rudeness comes rapid same question, out of an eye comes research, out of selection comes painful cattle.” This shows the many different, abstract ways Stein can create one object. Stein uses cubism in her writings, like Picasso in his art. Cubism is a method of distorting reality, focusing on shapes and composite parts of an object. She is a definite Avant Garde poet. She experiments with words mixing them around in confusing sequence to create something complete different from its original meaning. She throws away old traditions to rebel against common thoughts and meanings. In her poems in Tender Buttons she takes an object and describes what her she thinks is its true meaning, what it really is. Instead of describing it as you see it in real form.

If language is a window to experience, then language poetry has the opposite effect. Stein looks for the material nature of words, the materiality, character of being matter or a visible, bland object. Language poets insist on the medium and its distance from what we are inclined to think of as “natural.” Instead, in language poetry, it can frustrate the readers experience for linear development. The overall goal of language poetry is to interrogate, subvert, or exaggerate the effects of formal logic and linguistic structures. It demonstrates how those structures have a determining influence on what we see, how we behave, and who we think we are

* The quotes from Tender Buttons have no page numbers due to using the online book from your post

Edith Wharton's Roman Fever

In Edith Wharton’s short story Roman Fever the two main characters sit on a bench at a bistro that overlooks the city of Rome and all its ancient monuments. Wharton incorporates this setting into the story line by relating it to the main characters, Mrs. Ansley and Mrs. Slade and their current dilemma. Like the ancient monuments that overtake Rome the characters are growing older with them and are dealing with being an older generation in a new, modern world that their daughters are now apart of. Throughout the story they sit overlooking the forum and coliseum remembering the ‘good ole times’ when they were young running about Rome. The one difference is that while they watch this beautiful setting their time is passing by and they wont live forever or make a mark in the world, but Rome and its features will always be there, overwhelming and imposing, to see the conflicts, the love affairs and the people who pass by.

Some of the Roman Monuments featured in Roman Fever are:

The Palatine –This hill is the hill of Romulus, the known creater of Rome. During earlier times it was the hill where Rome’s rich and powerful lived. The Palatine hill is said to be where the original Rome had started. (“Rene Seindel”)

The Forum (The ruins) – The Roman Forum originally was a marsh, but the Romans drained the area and turned it into the marketplace of Rome. Where political and social activities took place, it included temples, a senate house and law courts. When the Roman Empire fell, the Forum became forgotten, buried and was used as a cattle pasture during the middle Ages. (“Tripod”)

The Palace of the Caesars – This Palace lies atop the Palatine Hill and was built by Augustus Caesar, when he ruled over Rome. He chose to build on this Hill because of the importance that the Palatine Hill represented in Roman culture, its wealth and power made an attractive location for Augustus to show his. (“Old and Sold; Ancients Digest”)

The Coliseum – The Coliseum is an ancient amphitheater where Romans went for entertainment. Their entertainment mostly consisted of battles; people killing animals, or people killing each other (“Karen Carr”). In Roman Fever Wharton describes it as, “The monument when afternoon and evening hang balanced in mid-heaven” (pg. 837)

The Seven Hills – Rome is founded on seven hills. There were walled cities on each of the seven original hills, separated from each other but working as a whole. The seven hills were the Palatine, the Esquiline, the Velian, the Caelian, the Capitoline, the Quirinal, and Viminal hills. The center and supposedly highest hill of the seven is the Palatine. (“Caroline Bigelow”)

I think the significance of these monuments in this story is that they help show the fading light of day and the oncoming night that goings along with the rising conflict between the two women and the monuments induce the memories of their younger lives, which leads them to bring up some controversial thoughts and events. Also, as I said before it relates to their growing age. Being old in a young world. No longer in your prime of life, but instead hanging around as reminders of what use to be and the differences or change that come with time. Mrs. Slade says, “What different things Rome stands for to each generation of travelers” (pg. 835).

Works Citied

Karen Carr, "Roman Colloseum." History for Kids. 10 mar 2009. Kidipede, Web. 24 Sep 2009. .

Rene Seindel, "Palatine Hill." Sights. 06 Aug 2003. Web. 24 Sep 2009. .

Caroline Bigelow, "The Seven Hills." Musesrealm. 02 sept 2009. Musesrealm, Web. 24 Sep 2009. .

"The Roman Forum." Tripod. Tripod, Web. 24 Sep 2009. .

"The Palace of Caesars." Old and Sold; Ancients Digest. 1900's. Web. 24 Sep 2009. .

The Scarlet Letter

Romanticism first started out in the mid 18^th century to some extent a reaction against the English Enlightenment and against rationalism (“Romanticism”). Romanticism can be defined in many ways by the style and focus of writing. This style tends to focus on passions and inner struggles; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the diseased, and even the satanic (‘Romanticism”).

Many components make a romantic novel. Setting is usually in an exotic location. The Scarlet Letter takes place in what Hawthorne calls ‘The Wilderness’ making the setting seem more exotic and unique then a small settlement somewhere in Massachusetts. Even the opening scene starts off in an exotic setting, a dim prison house on the outskirts of town where a single rose bush grows.

Also, most romantic novels have a certain amount of supernatural elements that adds suspense to the story. There are certain events in The Scarlet Letter that can be seen as supernatural, such as a comet forming an ‘A’ in the sky that all the townsfolk see or how the sunshine seems to deliberately avoid Hester in the woods. Even, the minister’s unexplainable ailment can be called a bit supernatural, including the unknown scar on his chest, which he constantly clutches.

Didactic, meaning the story in a whole teaches a moral. In the very first chapter, Hawthorne states that this story will teach a moral lesson and in the end you come to a sense of learning from the tale about guilt, inner pain, social order and standing and also spiritual truth or self-awareness.

Language is usually poetic or archaic, trying to create a distinct American style of writing. A big part of these novels are that they’re idealistic, imaginative and creating events of other components in a nonrealistic form.

Also, they value the plot over character development. Romanticism focuses more on the meaning of the story and the plot than over describing or creating many characters to follow their tale of growth throughout the book. The Scarlet Letter focuses more on the unfolding of the letter and how the townspeople react and how their views change over time. Hawthorne writes more about inner and outer struggles of people and the passion of religion than on ones own personal beliefs.

Good vs. Evil is one of the obvious components. In these types of novels there is a noticeable difference between who or what is good or evil. In the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne creates a grey area between both good and evil to create a tension between the black and white views of his puritan religion. However, you can still see sides of good and evil in the Scarlet Letter. Hester’s secret husband, Chillingworth, can be described as an evil character, he is referred to many times in the text as the ‘Black man’, showing him as dark or evil, maybe even satanic. Hawthorne also incorporates witchcraft into the plot at random moments to show corruption in society and the constant presence of sinful thoughts.

Symbolism in romanticism can be used as allegory. The most obvious symbol in this particular story is the letter ‘A’. In the beginning the letter ‘A’ on Hester’s chest meant Adulterer, but over the course of the story the denotation of the letter changes to represent the changing times and the influence of time upon society and their thoughts.

Nature plays an important role in romanticism. In this period of writing, authors show a deepened appreciation of nature and its beauty. The rose bush in the opening scene of the Scarlet Letter showed natures random beauty by incorporating the rose bush as a symbol to represent beauty and growth in a dark place.

As years progressed and times changed, romanticism gave way to a new style of writing, realism. Realism is the theory or practice of fidelity in art and literature to nature or to real life and to accurate representation without idealization (“Realism”). The components of realism are somewhat opposites of romanticism. Instead, realism represents the beginning of Modern Literature, and a lot of realistic writings take place at the time of the two world wars. This writing focuses on the literary term quotidian, which means resembling everyday life. Also, instead of having the center be about the plot, realism favors character development. Morally ambiguous, which means the moral is unclear or inexact because a choice hasn’t been made between to alternatives. The main character represents a flawed hero, showing the non-idealistic and realistic nature of the novels. No one person is perfect, so the flawed hero is shown as anyone. Nature for nature’s sake, like romanticism nature does play a big role in realism too but unlike romanticism nature doesn’t represent another meaning, it just there to show the setting and create a more aesthetic view.